Typically, the state places limits on the free press, on the judiciary's independence, or on the powers of the parliament.
Where democracy represents pluralism, authoritarianism typifies repression. Elections in a democracy are freer, involve choice between different options, and the government does not interfere in the outcome. In an authoritarian style of government, there may or may not be elections, but the choice will inevitably be more limited, be subject to more interference from the incumbent government, and it may not accept to leave if it loses.
A free press, an independent judiciary, the ability for civil society to get organised, and free speech are all pillars of democracy. In a democracy, the ability to criticise the government makes it possible for people to speak their mind, which in turn encourages creativity, innovation and improvement.
In other words, the government can manipulate the population through propaganda. By impeding inclusive political institutions, they will also impede economic ones in time. Stay in the loop. China is the perfect example of that.
China has made its institutions inclusive, encouraging entrepreneurship, property rights and wealth creation. At some point, the path towards further economic progress and that of continued political control are likely to meet head-on. The protests in Hong Kong are a forerunner of what will probably happen in future. Power source refers to the individuals and institutions that exercise governing authority over a state and the means by which they obtain their power, while power structure refers to the system by which they are organized.
In the case of its broad definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. States are served by a continuous succession of different governments.
Each successive government is composed of a body of individuals who control and exercise control over political decision-making. Their function is to make and enforce laws and arbitrate conflicts. In some societies, this group is often a self-perpetuating or hereditary class. In other societies, such as democracies, the political roles remain, but there is frequent turnover of the people actually filling the positions.
Countries of the World, by Type of Government in : This map shows all the countries of the word, colored according to their type of government. Blue represents full presidential republics, while green and yellow are presidential republics with less powerful presidents.
Orange represents parliamentary republics. Red and pink are parliamentary constitutional monarchies, and purple represents absolute monarchies. Brown represents single-party republics, green shows countries where government has been suspended e. Aristocracy refers to the rule by elite citizens; a system of governance in which a person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat. Finally, a technocracy refers to rule by the educated; a system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise in technology would be in control of all decision making.
Doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills, would compose the governing body, instead of politicians, businessmen, and economists. Governments with autocratic attributes are ruled by one person who has all the power over the people in a country. The Roman Republic made Dictators to lead during times of war. Governments with democratic attributes are most common in the Western world and in some countries of the east.
In democracies, all of the people in a country can vote during elections for representatives or political parties that they prefer. The people in democracies can elect representatives who will sit on legislatures such as the Parliament or Congress. Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed.
Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems. Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers. These people may spread power equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things.
An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.
Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination.
This term was used around BCE to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens. A democratic government contrasts two forms of government where power is either held by one, as in a monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy or aristocracy. Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of citizens executes its will: direct democracy and representative democracy.
French Presidential Election : A woman casts her vote in the second round of the French presidential election of Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. This is different from a representative democracy, in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, it might entail passing executive decisions, making laws, directly electing or dismissing officials, and conducting trials.
Two leading forms of direct democracy are participatory democracy and deliberative democracy. The earliest known direct democracy is said to be the Athenian Democracy in the 5 th century BCE, although it was not an inclusive democracy; women, foreigners, and slaves were excluded from it.
In the direct democracy of Athens, the electorate did not nominate representatives to vote on legislation and executive bills on their behalf as in the United States Congress , but instead voted on these items in their own right. Participation was by no means open, but the in-group of participants was constituted with no reference to economic class and they participated on a large scale. The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters.
Also relevant is the history of Roman republic, beginning circa BCE. Modern-era citizen lawmaking began in the towns of Switzerland in the 13 th century CE.
Currently in Switzerland, single majorities are sufficient at the town, city, and canton level, but at the national level, double majorities are required on constitutional matters. Direct democracy was very much opposed by the framers of the United States Constitution and some signatories of the Declaration of Independence.
They saw a danger in majorities forcing their will on minorities. As a result, they advocated a representative democracy in the form of a constitutional republic over a direct democracy. For example, James Madison, in Federalist No.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Authoritariamism politics. Goldberg, Robert. Halper, Stefan. New York: Basic Books, Hutton, Will. London: Abacus, King, E. China: Peaceful Rise or Hidden Dragon. London: Royal College of Defence Studies, Kritenbrink, Dan. Kynge, James. London: Phoenix, Moore, Malcolm. Wikileaks: China propaganda head oversaw Google campaign.
December 5, Randt, Clark. Sawer, Patrick. Top Chinese officials ordered attack on Google, Wikileaks cables claim. Security Service. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. September 30, Beijing: The Chinese Communist Party, Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to support open access publishing. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team.
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